The results of the planned contrast analysis for competence suggested that the linear pattern predicted between recency and competence was not evident in the data, t (171) = 0.188, p = .426 (one‐tailed). Participants went to the website, and read the informed consent. Mass media have historically been a dominant source (Murch, 1971), possibly because they are generally thought to provide credible, valuable, and timely information (Heath, Liao, & Douglas, 1995). All six items measuring trustworthiness (e.g., untrustworthy‐trustworthy) formed a unidimensional solution with acceptable reliability (α = .84), so all six items were averaged to create a trustworthiness index. After removal of one item (self‐centered‐not self‐centered) the items measuring goodwill formed a unidimensional solution with acceptable reliability (α = .72), so the remaining five items were averaged to create a goodwill index. This collaboration not only consists of creating content together, but also discussing the content in an attempt to improve it collaboratively and to come to a shared understanding of it. College students were used for this research in part because they are heavy users of social media. While President Trump’s approach to the international system has been unconventional, isolating, abrasive, and at times counterproductive, it also bore some fruit, for example, by confronting China or by impressing upon allies the need for more equal partnerships. In many respects, this is a hallmark of social media in general; cocreation of content. Social Media and Trust during the Gezi Protests in Turkey. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. Social media platforms, by design, encourage users to share information effortlessly through a click of a button, and yet, information often gets distorted along the way. These numbers, however, likely miss accounts that are bots (false negatives) and include accounts that are not bots (false positives). After viewing the mock Twitter page, participants were asked to respond to two measures: one for cognitive elaboration (Perse, 1990) and one for source credibility (McCroskey & Teven, 1999). Quantifier Guided Aggregation for the Veracity Assessment of Online Reviews. Rather than publishing unique information, they make others' information known and add to it. It would be interesting for future research to examine what specific thoughts the recency of updating leads to, and what specific thoughts lead to credibility judgments. A more urgent topic might also increase the direct effect of recency on credibility, as a topic that requires fast updates (such as a crisis event) is likely to be more relevant and involving for people searching for information about the topic. First conceptualized and coined by Lewin (1947), and applied to the study of news by White (1950), gatekeeping is the process through which content creators decide what stories will be covered and reported, and thus, what information is released to consumers. Even if much of what is reported is untrue or exaggerated it may be enough to whip up a moral panic. Social media are a general category of channels and applications that highlight collaboration and working together to create and distribute content. The immediacy of updating that is a hallmark of Twitter (Levinson, 2009) is likely a major reason this channel is growing in use for informational purposes, including under situations of risk and crisis. The negative effects of social media on teens and tweens can be obvious for parents and educators, but there are seldom discussions about the positive impact of social media.When teaching students how to build healthy screen time habits, it can be helpful to also understand the advantages of social media. Along the way, these gatekeepers are assumed to be checking information for veracity, and can be an important part in the process of ensuring the credibility of that information (Salcito, 2009), and are likely perceived to be doing so by the public (Reese & Ballinger, 2001). In this post, we share with you the impact of media on teens with some relevant tips on how to handle media influence on children and adolescents. Learn more. A study by Homer and Kahle (, Little research examines the relationship between the heuristic value of recency and the degree of cognitive elaboration that participants engage in when confronted with different levels of recency. The gestalt credibility measure was also positively associated with cognitive elaboration, r (179) = .342, p < .001. Another important concept to examine for social media and credibility is cognitive elaboration. News Recommendations from Social Media Opinion Leaders: Effects on Media Trust and Information Seeking, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/pda/2010/jan/14/socialnetworking‐haiti, http://www.pewinternet.org/˜/media//Files/Reports/2011/PIP_Social_Life_of_Health_Info.pdf, http://assets.en.oreilly.com/1/event/28/web2009_websquared‐whitepaper.pdf, http://money.cnn.com/2010/03/10/technology/twitter_users_active/index.htm?hpt=Mid, http://www.journalismethics.ca/online_journalism_ethics/gatekeeping.htm, http://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/innovation/10/29/haiti.cholera.tech/index.html?hpt=Sbin. There is no consensus regarding a formal definition of fake news. Serious efforts by a social media platform to combat fake news would require a strong voice coming from its user base and/or regulatory pressure. This could be a major reason that hypothesis one was not supported. Working off-campus? Notably, this increases the importance of what was found in this study, as recency of updates was found to have a direct effect on cognitive elaboration and an indirect effect on credibility even for a topic where recency should not necessarily matter. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, Accepted by previous editor Maria Bakardjieva, Social media seem designed to cater to those who want information in real time. Some bots created with malicious intent behave in a very humanlike manner, for example they will post in irregular patterns or with minor typos. Future studies examining a topic that requires faster updates might see an increased effect size between recency and cognitive elaboration. How Social Media Is Changing Crisis Communication Strategies: Evidence from the Updated Literature. Using a five‐point response scale (5 = strongly agree, 1 = strongly disagree), people reported their level of agreement with each item (i.e., When I looked at this page, I thought about it over and over again). The project therefore has to be mindful of, and deal with, fake news and bots. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. The current study examines how this piece of information impacts a viewer's cognitive elaboration and their perceived credibility of the source. Apart from bot detection, platforms should make it more difficult for users to create multiple accounts or blindly share information. We cannot say we are not informed. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, This is because with the increasing amount of information available through newer channels, the gatekeeping function seems to shift away from producers of content and onto consumers of that content (Haas & Wearden, 2003). Number of times cited according to CrossRef: Brand engagement in self‐concept and consumer engagement in social media: The role of the source. Social media is a phrase we throw around a lot these days, often to describe what we post on sites and apps like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, and others.So you can infer that social media are web-based sites that allow people to interact with each other. Sense‐making in social media during extreme events. Social media platforms, by design, encourage users to share information effortlessly through a click of a button, and yet, information often gets distorted along the way. These appear as part of—or surrounding—the central content of the site, and emit “information scent” helpful in making quick decisions about the quality of the information available for consumption” (p. 78). H3: There will be a positive association between recency and cognitive elaboration. They will seek information from a variety of sources, and will constantly update their information. Social networks play an increasingly important role in electoral politics — first in the ultimately unsuccessful candidacy of Howard Dean in 2003, then in the election of the first African-American president in 2008, and again in the Twitter-driven campaign of Donald Trump. One heuristic Sundar (2008) argues is often utilized is known as the machine heuristic, which is a shortcut through which people assign greater credibility to information that is verified or chosen by a machine or computer than by a person. Never has it been so easy to access, publish and share information. Mass media has long had an influence on society and an in depth look at its most popular forms today would most definitely reveal several glaring inequities in the way TV networks, print media, and internet websites communicate information. As social media becomes a more heavily used information source, even for things as critical as risks and crises, the gatekeeping function of that information also falls more into the hands of the page users, rather than the page creators. Participants were asked to view one of three mock Twitter pages (see Figure 1 for an example). This involvement process manifests in the mental process of attention, recognition and subsequent elaboration (Greenwald & Leavitt, 1984). In 2016 we saw a lot of interesting statistics about new milestones that the most known social media networks reached. To test this hypothesis, three planned contrast analyses assessed whether the data displayed a linear relationship between recency of updates and each of the three dimensions of source credibility (see Table 1 for descriptive statistics for each of the three credibility measures). For many, social media has become their main source of news. Updating too slowly leads to decreases in credibility. McCroskey and Teven's (1999) source credibility measure contains three separate constructs: competence, goodwill, and trustworthiness. Nowadays, it’s not just a platform for socializing with family and friends; it’s also a place for networking with valuable contacts. And other work has not only hinted at the failure of social media to connect us, but it's laid out some of the specific mechanisms behind it. Often the front lines of information come from eyewitnesses who are reporting on very recent events. Leave a Reply Cancel reply You must be logged in to post a comment. One possible reason (and potential limitation for the study) is the type of information used in the mock Twitter pages. Second, the assumption was made that an “official” page associated with the topic would be more realistic in terms of fast updates. But on the other hand, disinformation and hoaxes that are popularly referred to as “fake news” are accelerating and affecting the way individuals interpret daily developments. Did you know that social media now has a global penetration rate of 45%. Disaster Warnings in Your Pocket: How Audiences Interpret Mobile Alerts for an Unfamiliar Hazard. The Handbook of International Crisis Communication Research. However, this actually suggests that relationships in the current study may be stronger than reported, as low reliabilities cause underestimation of relationships in simple correlation and regression analyses (Osborne & Waters, 2002). So how can we tackle the issue of fake news on social media? Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies. Similar research has demonstrated that thinking about and sharing media content indicate increased involvement (Perloff, 1985). Anyone can create, within minutes and sometimes anonymously, one or more Facebook or Twitter accounts. Social media has penetrated our society very deeply to the point where it has become a place where we share our interests and give support to others. For example, a project under the NUS Centre for Research in Privacy Technologies actively works on social media analysis. Social media platforms also utilise algorithms that decide which information to present to users. Specifically, participants in the study were asked to view 1 of 3 mock Twitter.com pages that varied the recency with which tweets were posted and then to report on their perceived source credibility of the page owner. As Sundar (2008) suggests, “[m]ore complex examples of autogenerated cues appear in the form of navigational aids offered by algorithms used in search‐engine and aggregator sites such as Google News, which transmits cues about the relative recency of the information, among other attributes. Dr Christian von der Weth is a Senior Research Fellow at the NUS Centre for Research in Privacy Technologies (N-CRiPT) in the School of Computing. For example, during the January 2010 Haitian earthquake, social media played a key role in disseminating information about this tragedy (Bunz, 2010). Thus, it seems that recency of updates does have a positive linear relationship with cognitive elaboration, and the data is consistent with hypothesis 3. For government agencies, emergency responders, organization or individuals/celebrities that use a Twitter page to communicate to stakeholders, the findings suggest that updating information on the page is important, particularly for perceived credibility. There is an increased ‘Fear of Missing out’ (FOMO) at an all-time high in youth because of social media. Therefore in new media environments the gates are now located not only with the information providers but also with the information consumers, who in the new media environment are acting as their own gatekeepers (Kovach & Rosenstiel, 1999). The benefits of social media use justifies this paper’s output through opportunities created for information gathering, entertainment and social interaction. Thus the data were consistent with hypothesis 2. In fact, continuous exposure to media has proven to impact a child’s social, physical, and mental development. Learn about our remote access options, Department of Communication, North Dakota State University, Department #2310, PO Box 6050 Fargo, ND 58108, Division of Instructional Communication & Research, College of Communication and Information, University of Kentucky, 310 Lucille Little Library (LCLI), Lexington, KY, 40506‐0224, School of Communication, The Ohio State University, 3016 Derby Hall, 154, North Oval Mall Columbus, OH, 43210‐1339. The current study predicted that recency of updating would have a positive linear effect on perceived source credibility such that faster updates would lead to increased source credibility. These newer channels provide new pieces of information not available in “legacy” channels which may be used to make credibility judgments, such as the ability to see how quickly and recently a page host updates their page. Keywords: Internet, Social media, Social Networking, Children, Adolescents, Cyberbulling, Family. A contrast analysis suggested that a linear pattern of the sort suggested above was consistent with the data, t (178) = 1.692, p = .046 (one‐tailed), η2 = .016. Moreover, the predicted linear pattern was not consistent with the gestalt credibility measure, t (178) = 0.573, p = .284 (one‐tailed). Biased reporting, the under- and over-reporting of certain topics, and the outright lies published and shared on social media prevented many voters from making well-informed decisions. How Disinformation And Distortions On Social Media Affected Elections Worldwide : All Tech Considered Internet freedom declined again in the … Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. H2: Credibility will be positively associated with cognitive elaboration. The findings suggest that recency of updates might not have a direct impact on source credibility, but instead, that cognitive elaboration is a mediator in the relationship between recency of updates and credibility. For example, even though Twitter was not designed for emergency response or crisis communication, the medium appears to be diffusing to aid in disaster response. Traditionally there are many people who act as gatekeepers, including journalists, editors, and possibly even advertisers and owners (Shoemaker & Vos, 2009). People likely use this shortcut because a machine is seen as something that has no thoughts, emotions, or other biases, and therefore is perceived to be free from bias (whether or not the algorithm is actually free from bias.) Alternatively, it will require examination of social media and responses to it as a crisis unfolds in a more natural setting. The current study examined how recency of updates on a social media page impacted source credibility and cognitive elaboration after exposure to the page. For example, it may be that thinking more about the content of the social media page may lead to increased credibility, and thinking more about the heuristic cue itself may actually decrease it. Prof Kankanhalli’s research interests are in multimedia computing, information security and privacy, image/video processing and social media analysis. These findings, as well as some limitations and directions for future research are discussed in more detail below. The changing nature of risks and crises has contributed to concerns about the best ways information about them can be obtained, and to accomplish this goal, people are apparently turning to Twitter and other social media to share information, react to the situation, and rally support, as other examples in this paper suggest. However, the topic chosen for our mock Twitter page, heart disease, is possibly not one that students felt personal relevance toward. - Distorted information is provided to the EU institutions about the possible economic, social or environmental impact of draft legislative proposals. One reason the relatively low reliability may have occurred is that this is a general scale, measuring general ideas of thinking. At NUS Computing, faculty members conduct research on the detection, as well as dissemination of fake news on social media platforms. Addressing these problems can be very challenging. Thus, the data were not consistent with hypothesis 1. Social media has been described as more addictive than cigarettes and alcohol; The negative effects of social media in the news: “Social media addiction is a mental health problem… Excessive usage [is] linked to relationship problems, worse academic achievement and less participation in … Because information provided in newer channels often lacks professional gatekeepers to check content, and thus, lacks some of the traditional markers used to determine source credibility, consumers become more responsible for making decisions about the credibility of information online. Participants were informed about the research opportunity in class. may slow official news correspondent reports, but social media reports may be much more swiftly distributed. Users are likely to share information without fact-checking, especially when it contains controversial or emotionally charged content. The types of information suggested in the first paragraph of this paper share at least one thing in common: they all deal with uncertain situations highlighted by potential danger. People who spent more than 121 minutes a day on social media had … Consequently, a path analysis evaluated the possibility that the effect of recency of updates on credibility was mediated by the amount of cognitive elaboration in which a participant was engaged. Sober social networks: The role of online support groups in recovery from alcohol addiction. However, this is far from trivial as not all bots are created to publish and spread misinformation and deciding whether an account is operated by a bot or a genuine user is extremely difficult. One system‐generated cue that could be important for credibility judgments is the recency (or immediacy) of postings in this type of social media. Thus the data were consistent with this prediction as well. Education, Design &
This question becomes especially important to answer for users of social media, as the gatekeeping function switches from producers to consumers of information for newer technologies (Haas & Wearden, 2003). Thus organizations, government agencies and others need to ensure that information is sent out via social media frequently. Sciences, Continuing and
This style of news report encourages biased impressions of events rather than neutrality, and may cause a manipulation to the truth of a story. His research explores the effects of computer‐mediated communication on impression formation and relational communication. This lack of perceived bias from a machine leads to a greater trust in the information provided by machines compared to the information provided by people such as editors, producers, and the like (Sundar & Nass, 2001). Overall, when uncertainty represents potential danger, people actively engage in information seeking (Brashers, Neidig, Haas, Dobbs, Cardillo, & Russell, 2000; Spence, Lachlan & Griffin, 2007). However, rather than enhancing knowledge, the internet has produced an information glut or "infoxication". In addition, people usually do not question information that confirms their own beliefs. Address: Division of Instructional Communication & Research, College of Communication and Information, University of Kentucky, 310 Lucille Little Library (LCLI), Lexington, KY 40506‐0224. Social media has also seen a great deal of usage by those seeking health information, with 59% of adult Americans (80% of internet users) reporting that they have accessed this type of information online (Fox, 2011). New digital platforms have unleashed innovative journalistic practices that enable novel forms of communication and greater global reach than at any point in human history. For example: at the beginning of June 2016, Snapchat had 150 million people using their social app each day compare to Twitter, that has less than 140 million users on a daily basis. Redesigning the algorithms to ensure that users are exposed to a wider variety of news would help to ensure more balanced opinions. As Levinson (, Although credibility and cognitive elaboration have not been extensively studied, a closely related concept that has been studied is issue involvement. What we can discuss is how social media is altering our perception of reality. The social media sites, such as Facebook and Google+, are making it much easier for people to find one another and reconnect, even after decades of being apart. Social media seem designed to cater to those who want information in real time. He received his PhD from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. The current study was designed to examine the impact that the recency/speed of updates on a social media page had on judgments of source credibility and the amount of cognitive elaboration a viewer had after exposure to the page. Events and topics in news stories are selected and worded to excite the greatest number of readers and viewers. See more. Past research exploring impression formation on Facebook has found that system‐generated cues can be important determinants of social judgments about social media users (Kleck, Reese, Behnken, & Sundar, 2007; Tong, Van Der Heide, Langwell, & Walther, 2008; Utz, 2010), suggesting that system‐generated cues can affect interpersonal judgments of a profile owner. The average time spent on social media was 61 minutes a day. It is possible that future research, using topics with more personal relevance, may result in different findings, especially in regard to the effects sizes found. Moreover it may allow other non‐organizational actors to act as gatewatchers (Bruns, 2008), updating and reposting the information produced by the organization. Privacy technologies ( N-CRiPT ) moral panic ( or outrage directed at certain such. Resetting your password media use justifies this paper ’ s daily life size of the United States crisis! 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